Brazil will become the first South American country to host the Olympics after the city of Rio de Janeiro was chosen to stage the 2016 Games.
Rio won a majority of the 95 votes at the meeting in Copenhagen, eliminating Madrid in the final round. Tokyo and Chicago had already been knocked out.
"The world has recognised that the time has come for Brazil," said President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.
Chicago's early exit was a surprise, after bookmakers made them favourites.
US President Barack Obama had flown to Denmark on Friday morning to join his wife, Michelle, and make an emotional address to the International Olympic Committee delegates.
But the gesture - the first time a current US president had addressed the IOC in an attempt to win the Games - failed to persuade the voters as Chicago became the first city to see its dream of hosting the biggest sporting event in the world fall by the wayside.
Speaking to reporters at the White House on his return, Mr Obama said he wished he had come back with better news, but congratulated Brazil for a "truly historic" win.
"As friends to the Brazilian people, we welcome this extraordinary sign of progress," he said.
The president said he had no doubt that Chicago's bid had been the strongest possible, could not be prouder of the city, and insisted that he had no regrets about travelling to Denmark.
"I believe it is always a worthwhile endeavour to promote and boost the United States of America," he added.
'Heart and soul'
Chicago received only 18 of the 94 votes available in the first round poll of IOC delegates at the Bella Convention Centre on Friday afternoon. Madrid came out top with 28, followed by Rio on 26.
In the second round, however, Rio almost secured the absolute majority needed to win outright, with 46 of the 95 votes cast. Madrid came a distant second with 29, while Tokyo was eliminated after receiving 20.
The final ballot saw Rio win by a comprehensive margin of 66 votes to 32.
More than an hour later, IOC president Jacques Rogge finally revealed the result to the world: "Like in every competition there can only be one winner.
"Tonight, I have the honour to announce that the Games of the 31st Olympiad are awarded to the city of Rio de Janeiro."
The Brazilian bid team leapt to their feet in celebration, began singing their "Marvellous City" song, waving flags and hugging each other.
A tearful President Lula told reporters afterwards: "The other countries made proposals. We presented a heart and a soul.
"I confess to you if I die right now my life would have been worth it."
The BBC's Gary Duffy in Rio said there was "absolute, unrestrained joy" on the city's famous Copacabana beach after the result was announced, with silver glitter flying through the air and tens of thousands of people singing.
The golden sand disappeared under a sea of green and yellow, the colours of Brazil, our correspondent said.
There have been questions about Rio's bid not the least the high level of violence which so often scars the city's image, but in one glorious moment that was all set to one side for a truly Brazilian party, he added.
In his speech to the IOC earlier, President Lula had promised: "Rio will deliver an unforgettable Games. You will see for yourselves the passion, the energy and the creativity of the Brazilian people.
"It will not be just Brazil's Games but South America's. It will serve to inspire the 180 million young people on the continent. It is time to redress the balance. It is time to light the Olympic flame in a tropical country."
Rogge said Rio had presented the IOC "with a very strong technical bid, built upon a vision of the Games being a celebration of the athletes and sport, as well as providing the opportunity for the city, region and country to deliver their broader long-term aspirations for the future".
"This call to 'live your passion' clearly struck a chord with my fellow members, and we now look forward to seeing Rio de Janeiro staging the first Olympic Games on the continent of South America," he said.
Rio plans to stage all the competitions inside the city, bringing "dynamics to the Games and facilitating the athletes' interaction", according to the bid website.
There will be seven competition centres in four Olympic regions - Barra, Copacabana, Deodoro, and Maracana - with football matches held in the cities of Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Salvador and Sao Paulo.
Its bid is divided into a $2.8bn (�1.92bn) budget for operating costs, and $14.4bn (�9.90bn) for construction and security.
Source: BBC/Sport
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